注释：

　　①重要的研究包括George S. Harris, Troubled Alliance: Turkish-American Problems in Historical Perspective, 1945-1971, Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1972; George S. Harris, “Turkey and the United States,” in Kemal H. Karpat, ed., Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition, 1950-1974, Leiden: Brill Archive, 1975, pp. 67-70; James W. Spain, “The United States, Turkey and the Poppy, ” The Middle East Journal, vol. 29, no. 3 (Summer 1975), pp. 295-309; William H.Brundage and William A.Mitchell, “Toward an Understanding of Opium Poppy Production in Turkey,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, vol. 12, no. 1/4(Jan. /Oct. , 1977), pp. 259-267; Edward J. Epstein, Agency of Fear: Opiates and Political Power in America, New York: Verso, 1990; Nasuh Uslu, The Turkish American Relationship Between 1947 and 2003: The History of a Distinctive Alliance, New York : Nova Science Publishers, 2003; 肖宪等：《土耳其与美国关系研究》，北京：时事出版社，2006年。

　　②“Press release, 14July1969, Message on Drug Abuse,” Folder: "Drugs (1 of 2),” Box1, Geoffrey Shepard Files, White House Special Files (WHSF), Nixon Presidential Materials Staff (NPMS), National Archives (N.A.), College Park, MD.

　　③根据美国政府掌握的情报，土耳其种植的罂粟6％—8％被非法走私到叙利亚或黎巴嫩，提纯成吗啡后，再被走私到法国，在马赛等地加工成海洛因，此即所谓“法国连线”(French Connection)，这些海洛因最后被西西里黑手党走私到美国纽约等地。

　　④Memorandum, David C. Acheson for the file, 3 December 1965, Folder: “CO296 Turkey,” Box 11, Confidential Files (CF), Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

　　⑤Memorandum, John T. Cusack for Henry L. Giordano, 10 December 1962, Folder:“CO296 Turkey,”Box 11, CF, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

　　⑥Memorandum, Joseph A. Califano for David C. Acheson, 23 November 1965, Folder:“HE 4, Medicine, drugs, serums,” Box 54, CF, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

　　⑦“Cable from Ambassador Hart to Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Nov. 12, 1966,” Declassified Documents Reference System (DDRS), Farmington Hills, Mich. : Gale Group, 2007, Doc. CK3100142967.

　　⑧Letter with attachment, Elliot L. Richardson for John Ehrlichman, 24 June 1969, Folder: “Oversized attachments, OA 2776-Part I,” Box 59, Egil Krogh files, WHSF, NPMS, N.A.

　　⑨David Musto and Pamela Korsmeyer, The Quest for Drug Control: Politics and Federal Policy in a Period of Increasing; Substance Abuse, 1963-1981, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002, p. 44.

　　⑩United State Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS),1969-1976, vol. XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969-1972, Washington, D. C. : Government Printing Office (GPO), 2008, pp. 1054-1055.

　　(11)Kemal H. Karpat, ed., Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition, 1950-1974, pp. 8-9.

　　(12)Analysis of the Heroin Problem, October 20, 1969, Folder: SOC 11-5 US 5/1/69, Record Group (RG) 59 Central Foreign Policy Files (CFPF), 1967-1969, SOC 11-5 US, Box 3109, N.A.

　　(13)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Documents on Global Issues, 1969-1972 (http:// history, state.gov/), Doc. 147, 148.

　　(14)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc.149.

　　(15)“Memorandum, Daniel P. Moynihan for Dr. Henry Kissinger, 6 November 1969,” Moynihan Papers, Library of Congress.

　　(16)Memorandum, Eugene T. Rossides for John D. Ehrlichman, 3November 1969， Folder: “Oversized Attachments OA 2776-Part I,” Box 59, Egil Krogh files, WHSF, NPMS, N.A.

　　(17)FRUS, 1964-1968, vol. XVI, Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, Washington, D. C. : GPO,2000, pp. 107-110.

　　(18)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 151.

　　(19)George S. Harris, Troubled Alliance, p. 193.

　　(20)Bülent Gkay, Soviet Eastern Policy and Turkey, 1920-1991: Soviet Foreign Policy, Turkey and Communism, London and New York: Routledge, 2006, p. 86.

　　(21)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXIX, pp. 1050-1051, 1052-1053.

　　(22)“Telegram 2886 from the Department of State to the Embassy in Turkey, January 8,1970,”RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5, Box 3018, N.A.

　　(23)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 161.

　　(24)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 165.

　　(25)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXIX, pp. 1061-1062.

　　(26)这一时期，土耳其、巴基斯坦和阿富汗生产的鸦片使伊朗的城市成为世界最大的鸦片学杂费地。参见Fariborz Raisdana, Ahmad Gharavi Nakhjavani, “The Drug Market in Iran, ” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 582(July 2002), pp. 151-152.

　　(27)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc.167.

　　(28)Edward J. Einstein, Agency of Fear, p. 87.

　　(29)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 169.

　　(30)在美国总统尼克松的倡议下，1969年11月，北约同意组建“现代社会挑战委员会”，旨在集中北约盟国的智力和资源联合解决非传统安全问题，特别是环境问题。“NATO and Environmental Problems, Meeting of the CCMS to be held on Monday, 8th December, 1969, Address by the Secretary General, Mr. Manlio Brosio,” RG 59 CFPF, 1967-1969, SOC8 NATO, Box 3085, N.A.

　　(31)“Memorandum of Conversation, May 13, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(32)Edward J. Epstein, Agency of Fear, p. 90.

　　(33)“The Telegram 75877 from the Secretary of the Department of State (Rogers) to the US Mission to NATO and American Embassy in Ankara, May 19, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 NATO, Box 3032, N. A.

　　(34)“Telegram 3259 from American Embassy in Ankara to the Secretary of the Department of State, May 22, 1970,”RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 NATO, Box 3032, N.A.

　　(35)“Telegram 2079 from US mission to NATO to the Secretary of the Department of State, June 1, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 NATO, Box 3032, N.A.

　　(36)“Telegram 2134 from US Mission in NATO to the Secretary of the Department of State, June 5, 1970,” RG59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 NATO, Box 3032, N.A.

　　(37)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 172.

　　(38)“Telegram 3766 from American Embassy in Ankara to the Secretary of the Department of State, June 16, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(39)“Telegram 3785 from American Embassy in Ankara to the Secretary of the Department of State, US Mission to NATO, June 16, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(40)“Memorandum from Harry H. Schwartz for the Acting Secretary of the Department of State, July 2, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(41)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXIX, pp. 1065-1066.

　　(42)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXIX, pp. 1067-1069.

　　(43)“Memorandum from the Acting Secretary (Johnson) to the White House (Daniel P. Moynihan), July 10, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 UN, Box 3032, N.A.

　　(44)“Turkish Opium Decree No. 7/854,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box3101, N.A.

　　(45)“Telegram 108983 from the Department of State to American Embassy in Ankara, July9, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(46)Williams B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century: An International History, London and New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 235.

　　(47)“Telegram 3888 from American Embassy in Copenhagen to US NATO in Brussels, October 20, 1970,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 NATO, Box 3032, N. A.

　　(48)1971年5月的一份备忘录中指出，尽管美国的盟国极大地依赖来自美国的军事、经济和政治支持，然而它们(土耳其、老挝)却没有采取足够措施来阻止非法海洛因。这些盟国无疑是“不合作的同盟”(uncooperatlve allies)。参见Memorandum，Bud Krogh for John Ehrlichman, 14 May 1971, Papers of Jerome H. Jaffe.

　　(49)George S. Harris, “Turkey and the United States,” p. 68.

　　(50)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 185.

　　(51)“Memorandum, Department of State, Secret, April 8, 1971,” DDRS, Doc CK3100528120.

　　(52)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXIX, p.1091.

　　(53)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 189.

　　(54)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXIX, pp.1092-1094.

　　(55)Summary, 3 June 1971, Folder: “Summary of President's Remarks,” Cover folder“Meeting with President, Top Civilian and Military Leaders, Thursday June 3, 1971, Box 32, Egil Krogh files, WHSF, NPMS, N.A.

　　(56)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc.192.

　　(57)“Telegram 4090 from the Embassy in Ankara to the Department of State, June 12, 1971,” The Richard M. Nixon National Security Files, 1969-1974, Middle East [Microform], LexisNexis, 2007, Reel 33; FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXIX, pp.1095-1096.

　　(58)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 193.

　　(59)“Cable, Department of State, Secret, Jun 19, 1971, ”DDRS, Doe. CK3100564479.

　　(60)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 196.

　　(61)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc. 197.

　　(62)Ilter Turan, “The United States and Turkey: Limiting Unilateralism,”The Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, Working Paper, pp. 10-11.

　　(63)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc.200.

　　(64)“Memorandum from Secretary of State William P. Rogers to President Nixon, Washington, June 28, 1971,”The Richard M. Nixon National Security Files, 1969-1974, Reel 33.

　　(65)Richard Nixon, “Statement about the Turkish Government's Ban on Cultivation of Opium Poppies,” Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon, 1971, Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972, pp. 789-790.

　　(66)Nelson Gross, “The Collective International Effort against Drug Abuse, ”Department of State Bulletin, vol. LXVII, no. 1737 (October 9, 1972), p. 408.

　　(67)“Memorandum from Executive Secretary (Theodore L. Eliot, Jr.) to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), August 24, 1971,” RG 59 CFPF,1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(68)“Review of the Twenty-Fourth Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs,”Bulletin on Narcotics, vol. XXIV, no. 1, 1972, p. 23.

　　(69)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. E-1, Doc.220.

　　(70)“Telegram 4567 from American Embassy in Ankara to the Secretary of Department of State, July. 2, 1971,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(71)James W. Spain, “The United States, Turkey and the Poppy,” p. 300.

　　(72)“Turkey: A Crop of Problems,” New York Times, Jan. 21, 1972.

　　(73)杨兆钧：《土耳其现代史》，昆明：云南大学出版社，1990年，第340页。

　　(74)“Telegram 6601 from American Embassy in Ankara to the Department of State, September 18, 1972,” RG59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N. A.

　　(75)“Memorandum of Conversation, Ankara, December 2, 1972,” FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXIX, pp. 1130-1131.

　　(76)“Covering Memorandum of the Draft Opium-Poppy Law,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(77)“Telegram 5567 from American Embassy in Ankara to the Department of State, August8, 1972,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC 11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A.

　　(78)除了预计拨付的3500万美元之外，美国还向土耳其额外拨款40万美元，资助在原罂粟种植区开发组织工作的美国专家，另有30万美元用于资助土壤生产办公室(the Soil Products Office)。

　　(79)“Turks Lift Ban on Poppy Culture Imposed in 1971 at U.S. Request,” New York Times, Jul. 2, 1974.

　　(80)William H. Brundage and William A. Mitchell, “Toward an Understanding of Opium Poppy Production in Turkey,” p. 262; “Telegram 171 from American Consulate in Izmir to American Embassy in Ankara, July 25, 1972,” RG 59 CFPF, 1970-1973, SOC11-5 Turkey, Box 3101, N.A. ; “Letter, Egil Krogh for William J. Handley, 29 July1972,”Box 5, Chronological file, Egil Krogh files, WHSF, NPMS, N.A.

　　(81)“Telegram from Secretary of State to the Embassy in Turkey, October 1, 1973,” RG59 CFPF, 1973-1975, Electronic Telegram, N.A., Doe. 1973STATE194687.

　　(82)“Telegram from American Consul in Izmir to American Embassy in Ankara, September 5,1973,” RG 59 CFPF 1973-1975, Electronic Telegram, N.A., Doe. 1973IZMIR00380.

　　(83)杨兆钧：《土耳其现代史》，第341-342页。

　　(84)“Telegram from American Embassy Ankara to Secretary of State Kissinger, February 14,1974,”RG 59 CFPF 1973-1975, Electronic Telegram, N.A., Doc. 1974ANKARA01142.

　　(85)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973-1976, Washington: GPO, 2008, pp. 657-659.

　　(86)“Turks Lift Ban on Poppy Culture Imposed in 1971 at U.S. Request,” New York Times, Jul. 2, 1974.

　　(87)“Telegram from American Embassy Ankara to Secretary of State Kissinger, March 15,1974,”RG 59 CFPF 1973-1975, Electronic Telegram, N. A. , Doc.1974ANKARA01959.

　　(88)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXX, p. 666.

　　(89)“Memorandum from Henry A. Kissinger to the President, May 3, 1974,”The Richard M. Nixon National Security Files, 1969-1974, Reel 34.

　　(90)“Memorandum from EUR/TUR (Robert S. Dillon) to EUR (Arthur A. Hartman), May 16, 1974,”Folder: SOC 11-5, Narcotics Correspondence, April-June 1974, RG 59 Records Relating to Turkey, 1968-1974, SOC 11-5, Boxl, N.A.

　　(91)“Telegram from the Secretary of State to American Embassy in Moscow, July 1, 1974,”RG59 CFPF 1973-1975, Electronic Telegram, N.A., Doc. 1974STATE 141929; “Telegram from the American Embassy in Ankara to the Secretary of State, July 2, 1974, ”RG 59 CFPF1973-1975, Electronic Telegram, N.A., Doc. 1974ANKARA05237.

　　(92)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXX, p. 669.

　　(93)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXX, pp. 671-672.

　　(94)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXX, pp. 678-682.

　　(95)FRUS, 1969-1976, vol. XXX, pp. 682-683.

　　(96)“Telegram from Secretary of State Kissinger to American Embassy Ankara, September20, 1974,” RG 59 CFPF 1973-1975, Electronic Telegram, N. A., Doc.1974STATE208012.

　　(97)Letter, Gerald R. Ford for Charles B. Rangel, 31 July 1975, Folder: “Congressional Correspondence,” Box 19, Richard D. Parsons files, Gerald R. Ford Library.

　　(98)Report, 24 October 1972, Folder: “Heroin Shortage Report-BNDD, ”Box 2, Geoffrey Shepard files, WHSF, NPMS, N. A.

　　(99)David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 250.