①②③“美京万国改良会简章”，Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C.: International Reform Bureau, 1910, p.86, p.2, p.86.
④"The New Nationalism Applied to Moral Reform", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, p.93.
⑤R. K. Newman, "Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China: A Reconsideration", Modern Asian Studies, vol. 29, no. 4 (1995), pp.765-766.
⑥S. D. Stein, International Diplomacy, State Administrators and Narcotics Control: The Origins of a Social Problem, Hampshire, England: Gower Publishing Company Limited, 1985, pp.46-47; Kathleen L. Lodwick, Crusaders against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917, Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1996; Gaines M. Foster, "Conservative Social Christianity, the Law, and Personal Morality: Wilbur F. Crafts in Washington", Church History, vol. 71, no. 4 (Dec., 2002), p. 813; Gaines M. Foster, Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865-1920, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002, pp.147-148.
⑦Dr. & Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts, Mary and Margaret W. Leitch, Intoxicants and Opium in All Lands and Times, Washington, D.C.: International Reform Bureau, 1900, p.8.
⑧Wilbur F. Crafts (ed.), Patriotic Studies of A Quarter Century of Moral Legislation, Washington, D.C.: International Reform Bureau, 1911, p.203.
⑨"First Annual Message of President Theodore Roosevelt, December 2, 1901", IN Theodore Roosevelt, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. XVII, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925, p.151.
⑩"Work of the International Reform Bureau for the Year Ending April 8, 1902", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, pp.29-30; Wilbur F. Crafts, A Primer of the Science of Internationalism, Washington, D.C.: International Reform Bureau, 1908, p.55.
(11)Opium in China: Report of the Hearing at the American State Department on Petitions to the President to Use his Good Offices for the Release of China from Treaty Compulsion to Tolerate the Opium Traffic, with Additional Papers, February 3, 25, 1905, Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.1-3; "Oppose Opium Traffic: Movement to Release China from the Treaty with Great Britain Tolerating Drug Trade", Dallas Morning News, October 10, 1914, p.1.
(12)(17)Dr. & Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts, Mary and Margaret W. Leitch, Intoxicants and Opium in All Lands and Times, pp.5-6, pp. 6-7; "When the War is Over", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp. 6-7, pp. 7-8.
(13)Wilbur F. Crafts, A Primer of the Science of Internationalism, pp. 57-58; Arnold H. Taylor, "American Confrontation with Opium Traffic in the Philippines", The Pacific Historical Review, vol. 36, no. 3 (Aug., 1967), pp.313-314; David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 2001, p.79.
(14)"Reform Bureau Man Tells of His Victories", Boston Journal, March 16, 1908, p.3.
(15)"Letter to Secretary of State Requesting Hearing, International Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C., September 27, 1904", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, p.4.
(16)Samuel Merwin, Drugging a Nation: The Story of China and the Opium Curse, New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1908, pp.179-180.
(18)"Oppose Opium Traffic: Movement to Release China from the Treaty with Great Britain Tolerating Drug Trade", Dallas Morning News, October 10, 1914, p. 1; "Will Press Great Britain Want China Released from the Opium Traffic", Omaha World Herald, vol. XLIII, no. 10 (October 10, 1904), p.1; "War On Opium Traffic. Great Britain May Be Asked to Release China From Treaty", Oregonian, October 10, 1904, p.10; "To Stop Opium Traffic", Salt Lake Telegram, October 10, 1904, p. 7; "Foreign Affairs of the Day. Amundsen's Party is Safe", Springfield Republican, no. 169 (October 10, 1904), p. 7; "China's Use of Opium England Will be Urged in Abrogate Treaty", Montgomery Advertiser, vol. LXXV, no. 279 (October 11, 1904), p.3; "Russia; Japan; Great Britain", Daily Herald, vol. VII, no. 49 (October 11, 1904), p.2.
(19)"Letter to British Prime Minister, International Reform Bureau, Washington, D.C., October 12, 1904", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.5-6.
(20)这些反鸦片团体包括：“禁止鸦片贸易协会”(Society for Suppression of the Opium Trade)、“切断英国帝国同鸦片贸易联系基督教联合会”(the Christian Union for the Severance of the Connection of the British Empire with the Opium Traffic)、“禁烟紧急委员会”(the Anti-Opium Urgency Committee)、“妇女禁烟紧急委员会”(the Women's Anti-Opium Urgency Committee)。
(21)布朗的研究指出，英国的“禁止鸦片贸易协会”不屈不挠的呼吁在私下推动国际毒品体制中发挥了主要作用”。参见：J. B. Brown, "Politics of the Poppy: The Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, 1874-1916", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Jul., 1973), p.97.
(22)"American Aid Welcomed by British Anti-opium Societies, Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, Trumbridge Wells, November 1, 1904", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.21-22.
(23)"To Stop Opium Traffic: Hope That China Will Be Released from Treaty at End of War", New York Times, October 10, 1904.
(24)Dr. & Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts, Mary and Margaret W. Leitch, Intoxicants and Opium in All Lands and Times, p.6.
(25)1901年，为了方便协调不同组织间的工作，联合推动原住民免受酒类和鸦片的侵扰，克拉夫茨倡议组建“原住民代表团”(Native Races Deputation)，同时通过投票成为长期联盟的名称。原住民代表团组成人员名单：荣誉主席：贾腓力(Frank D.Gamewell)，荣誉秘书：玛格利特·利奇(Margaret W.Leitch)，前任主席：保灵(Stephen L.Baldwin)，主席：克拉克(F.E.Clark)，秘书：威尔伯·克拉夫茨(Wilbur F.Crafts)；成员：在日本的传教士：西德尼·古利克(Sidney L.Gulick)和戴维斯(J.D.Davis)；在菲律宾的传教士：霍默·斯顿茨(Homer C.Stuntz)；在中国的传教士；耶士谟(Wm. Ashmore)、俾益知(W.L.Beard)、路崇德(J.Walter Lowrie)；在非洲的传教士哈特泽尔(J.C. Hartzell)；来自印度的传教士托朋(J.M.Thoburn)；美以美会女布道会的保灵夫人(S.L. Baldwin)；新教圣公会的多恩(W.C.Doane)；全美禁酒联合会的斯图尔特·道奇(D. Stuart Dodge)；美国反酒吧联盟的拉塞尔(H.H.Ruessell)；基督教妇女禁酒联合会的克拉夫茨夫人、埃利斯女士(M.D.Ellis)、埃伦·沃森女士(Ellen M. Watson)。参见："Work of the International Reform Bureau for the Year Ending April 8, 1902", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, p.30.
(26)"Letter to Secretary of State Requesting Hearing, International Reform Bureau, Washington, D.C., September 27, 1904", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.4-5.
(27)"Hearing before Secretary Hay on Release of China from Opium, State Department, Washington, D. C., November 10-11 a.m.", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.9-10; "Petition to President Roosevelt", Britain's Opium Harvest, vol. IX, no. 1 (February, 1905), p.2.
(28)"Remarks by Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Ph. D., Superintendent of the International Reform Bureau, Hearing before Secretary Hay on Release of China from Opium, State Department, Washington, D.C., November 10-11 a.m.", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.10-12.
(29)"Remarks of Rev. Frank D. Gamewell, Twenty Years Missionary in China, Officially Representing Methodist Episcopal Missionary Board, Hearing before Secretary Hay on release of China from Opium, State Department, Washington, D.C., November 10-11 a.m.", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.12-13.
(30)"Remarks by Rev. William Ashmore, D.D., Fifty-four Years a Missionary in China, Officially Representing the Baptist Missionary Union, Hearing before Secretary Hay on release of China from Opium, State Department, Washington, D.C., November 10-11 a.m.", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.13-14.
(31)"Remarks of Mrs. S.L. Baldwin, President of New York Branch Methodist Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, Hearing before Secretary Hay on release of China from Opium, State Department, Washington, D.C., November 10-11 a.m.", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.15-16.
(32)"Hearing before Secretary Hay on release of China from Opium, State Department, Washington, D.C., November 10-11 a.m.", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, p.17.
(33)"A War on the Opium Traffic", San Jose Mercury News, vol. 43, no. 119 (November 10, 1904), p.2; "War on Opium Traffic", Grand Forks Herald, vol. 24, no. 10 (November 11, 1904), p.5.
(34)S. D. Stein, International Diplomacy, State Administrators and Narcotics Control, p.47.
(35)"Action of Commercial Bodies-The World's Commerce against Chinese Opium, Address by Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts at the National Board of Trade, Washington, D.C., January 19, 1905", Senate Document No. 135, 58[th] Congress, 3[rd] Session, pp.17-20.
(36)(37)Wilbur F. Crafts, "A Week's Work in the Tenth Year of the International Reform Bureau, Jan. 19-27, 1905", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, pp.55, 57, p.57.
(38)"Chentung Liang-Cheng to Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts, Imperial Chinese Legation, Washington, 31st December, 1905", Britain's Opium Harvest, vol. X, no. 1 (February, 1906), p.4.
(39)Joshua Levering, "Reports of the International Reform Bureau for Year Ending June 30, 1906", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, p.58.
(40)"Conway Man Appointed. Rev. A. A. Gregg to be Field Secretary of the International Reform Bureau", Springfield Republican, no. 68 (June 13, 1905), p.14.
(41)"Beer a Menace to China. Sensational Address of a Preacher Who Criticises Roosevelt", Grand Forks Herald, vol. 24, no. 288 (September 29, 1905), p.3.
(42)Wilbur F. Crafts, A Primer of the Science of Internationalism,p.64.
(43)"Bishop Brent to the President, Bishop's House, Manila, July 24, 1906", United States Department of State, Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906（以下简称：Foreign Relations, 1906），Part I, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1906, pp.361-362.
(44)Edward M. Brecher and the Editors of Consumer Reports, Licit and Illicit Drugs: The Consumers Union Report on Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants, Inhalants, Hallucinogen, and Marijuana-including Caffeine, Nicotine, and Alcohol, Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1972, p.48.
(45)"The Acting Secretary of State to Ambassador Reid, Department of State, Washington, September 27, 1906", Foreign Relations, 1906, Part I, pp.360-361.
(46)"A Trustee's Notes on the Work of the International Reform Bureau for the Year Ending October 31, 1907", History of the International Reform Bureau, p.67.
(47)"Capital Sight Seeing in Washington, Brussels, Paris and London, Letter from Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts, October 29, 1906", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, p.69.
(48)"Interview from L'Independence Beige Oct. 20, 1906", "President's Missionary: An International Temperance Treaty, October, 1906 [Interview in The London Tribune]", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, pp.71-72.
(49)"Mr. Henry Lane Wilson to the President of the Conference for the Revision of the Rules to Control Spirits in Africa, October 16, 1906", Foreign Relation, 1906, Part I, p.55.
(50)"Roosevelt is Asked to Aid in Movement W. C. T. U. Wants Treaty with Britain to Stop Liquor Sale to Uncivilized", Grand Forks Herald, vol. XXV, no. 305 (October 19, 1906), p.1; "War On Alcohol The World Over Progress Made by World's W. C. T. U. Related to the Convention", Oregonian, October 19, 1906, p.4; "Gathering At World's W. C. T. U. Convention Delegates From Thirty-One Countries Meet At Boston", Oregonian, December 9, 1906, p.47.
(51)"Home Missionary Notes", Northern Christian Advocate, vol. LXVI, no. 43 (October 25, 1906), p.679.
(52)"Dr. Crafts Tells of His Mission Abroad: Is Trying to Have Sale of Intoxicants and Opium to Aboriginal Races Prohibited", Philadelphia Inquirer, vol. 155, no. 163 (December 10, 1906), p.2.
(53)"Capital Sight Seeing in Washington, Brussels, Paris and London, Letter from Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts, October 29, 1906", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, p.70.
(54)Foreign Relations, 1906, Part I, pp. 363-365.
(55)United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1907, Part I, Washington,D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1907, pp.144-145.
(56)"Superintendent's Campaign in China, Japan, and the Philippines [From Dr. Crafts' Diary]", History of the International Reform Bureau, pp.73-74; "Work of the International Reform Bureau in China and Japan", Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, p.72.
(57)Foreign Relations, 1907, Part I, pp.144-157, 167.
(58)关于民国时期丁义华领导下的万国改良会总会参与中国社会改革的历史，参见侯杰：《〈大公报〉与近代中国社会》，第七章，天津，南开大学出版社，2006；王治心：《中国基督教史纲》，第267-268页，上海古籍出版社，2007。
(59)"Would End Drug Traffic Work of Reform Bureau Is World Wide. Superintendent Crafts Strives for International Treaty to Curb Vice among Savages", Oregonian, September 9, 1907, p.13; Gaines M. Foster, "Conservative Social Christianity, the Law, and Personal Morality: Wilbur F. Crafts in Washington", Church History, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Dec., 2002), p.813.
(60)《申报》，1909-01-28。
(61)罗运炎：《毒品问题》（下），第108页，上海，商务印书馆，1936。关于“万国禁烟会”召开的背景、过程及影响，苏智良教授新近刊文进行了深入的专题探讨，参见苏智良：《一九○九年上海万国禁烟会研究》，载《历史研究》，2009年(1)。
(62)United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 8, 1908, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1908,p.87.
(63)Kathleen L. Lodwick, Crusaders against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917, p.183.
(64)Wilbur Crafts (ed.), History of the International Reform Bureau, p.84.
(65)Hamilton Wright, "The International Opium Commission (Part 1)", The American Journal of International Law, vol. 3, no. 3 (Jul., 1909), p.648.
(66)"Opium Fetters Death Shackles: Scientist Says Half a Million Persons Suicide Each Year Because of Drug", Duluth News-Tribune, January 18, 1909, p.5; "Fight on Opium Traffic: Conference to Begin Sessions February 1", Idaho Statesman, January 18, 1909, p.6; "500,000 Suicides Each Year Due to the Opium Habit", Trenton Evening Times, January 19, 1909, p.2.
(67)S. D. Stein, International Diplomacy, State Administrators and Narcotics Control, p.49.
(68)David F. Musto, American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.31.
(69)R. K. Newman, "India and the Anglo-Chinese Opium Agreements, 1907-1914", Modern Asia Studies, vol. 23, no. 3(1989), p.530, pp.545-546.
(70)Thomas D. Reins, China and the International Politics of Opium, 1900-1937: The Impact of Reform, Revenue, and the Unequal Treaties, Claremont Graduate School, Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, 1981, pp.63-64.
(71)Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "Opium's History in China", Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (eds.), Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952, Beckley: University of California Press, 2000, p.1.