1．格式
    根据医学杂志编辑国际委员会 (The International Committee of Medical Jour
nal Editors, ICMJE）制定的《生物医学杂志投稿统一要求》（The Uniform Req
uirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 19
97）*, 一篇生物医学科研论文（以下简称“论文”）应包括以下12个部分：

  1．标题（Title）         7．致谢（Acknowledgements）
  2．摘要（Abstract）      8．参考文献（References）
  3．引言（Introduction）  9．插图说明（Legends）
  4．材料与方法(Materials  10．插图（Figures）
     and Methods)
  5．结果（Results）       11．表格（Tables）
  6．讨论（Discussion）    12．照片和说明(Plates and Explanations)

    以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因实际情况不需要外，其他各部分是一篇论文必不可少的内容。下面分别介绍对各部分的基本要求，其中“标题”和“摘要”两部分将
在以后单元另行讨论。

2．要求
1）  引言部分
    总的要求是：The purpose of an introduction is to bring the reader into
the general area of your study and then state the specific area of stud
y (move from the general to the specific). The introduction shows the s
cope of your investigation efforts.** 即：说明研究的总体范围和目的。 
    具体内容包括：
A．  背景 – 说明所研究问题的目前总体情况或历史（statement of general a
rea or history of problem）;
B．  意义 – 说明研究的意义或必要性（statement of importance or need）;

C．  进展 – 说明有关该问题的先有发现、报告或研究（statement of previou
s findings, reports or studies）。陈述这部分内容时一般要有引文（citatio
ns）;
D．  目的 – 说明本研究的目的（statement of purpose of current study）;

E.  范围 – 说明要研究问题的具体范围（statement of specific area of pro
blem to be studied）

示例：
In the military, it has been common to treat hyperthermic heat casualti
es by immersion in ice-containing water. [背景] This method is highly u
nphysiologic, because the secondary profound cutaneous vasoconstriction
shunts blood away from the skin, which greatly slows heat loss from th
e body core. In addition, shivering occurs soon after immersion, even t
hough core temperature has decreased very little; and this is counterpr
oductive by virtue of muscular heat production. Finally, immersion cool
ing is extremely unpleasant to the alert patient. [意义]
    * 国际上已有500家生物医学杂志签约采用这个统一要求。
   ** 根据URMSBJ（下同）
    Recently Weiner and Khogali [7] have developed a method for cooling
hyperthermic patients based on the principle of vaporization of warm w
ater from the body surface by blowing warm dry air over the skin. Their
method is an improvement on previous experience with vaporization of c
old water from the body surface. [3,4] [进展]
Based on their experience, we have utilized the same physiologic princi
ples in treating heat casualties during a two-week period of desert tra
ining (44th MAU,CAX 9-82,MCAGCC,29 Palms, Calif.). In addition, we have
applied these principles to normothermic volunteers to study the diffe
rence of the method and evaluate untoward effects. [范围、目的]

2）材料与方法部分
总的要求是：Readers must be able to reproduce your results, evaluate th
e validity of your results and the soundness of your methods, and follo
w the logic in the paper. 即：结果的可重演性、方法的可靠性以及前后的逻辑
性。
具体内容包括：
A．  简要说明研究设计（study design / protocol），如：回顾（retrospecti
ve / review），前瞻（prospective），临床（clinical），动物（animal），实
验（experimental），活体内（in vivo）活体外（in vitro），原位（in situ）
随访（follow-up），对照（controlled），随机（random / randomized），双盲
交叉（double-blind crossover），人群（population / cohort / migrant），
对比（comparative），流行病学（epidemiological）等研究性质；
B.  详细说明研究对象（subject）情况，包括研究人员（student），被研究的人
（client）和动物（animal）的性别（sex）、年龄（age），物种（species），
品种（breed）生理状态（physiological state）; 微生物则要说明其菌株（str
ain），血清型（serotype）及其他区别特性（identity characteristics）；
C.  随机分组分组方法（methods of any random assignment of subjects to g
roups）和选择标准（criteria for admission to study groups）；
D.  详细说明所用的药物（drug），激素（hormone），试剂（reagent）和其他化
学品（chemical）的名称、商标（trademark）、生产厂家（manufacturer）及所
在地（location）；
E.  简要说明测定方法（method of measurement），包括名称，引文和偏差（va
riations）；
F.  简要说明统计学分析方法（method of statistic analysis）
    
    这部分的陈述程序一般为：研究设计 → 研究对象性质 → 处理 / 干预方法 →
测定 / 观察手段 → 统计分析
除指示性说明外，如：“病人资料见表1”（Data of the patients are shown i
n Table 1）“材料与方法”和“结果”两部分一律用过去时表达。

示例：
    A retrospective analysis was conducted of all adults and pediatric pati
ents (age less than 18 years) who received a prolonged course of parent
eral nutrition at UCLA Medical Center from January 1976 through Decembe
r 1983. [研究设计：性质、时间、地点、对象] Criteria for patient selecti
on included a minimum course of a months and development of caculous or
acalculous cholecystitis requiring cholecystectomy. From 1976 through
1983 136 patients underwent a prolonged course of TPN at the UCLA Medic
al Center. Sixty-two of these patients were found to have gallbladder d
isease. Cholecystectomy was performed in 21 of these patients before th
e initiation of TPN, and in 35 patients during or after administration
of long term TPN. This latter group of 35 patients forms the basis for
this report. [选择标准] Specific data regarding age, sex, length of tim
e receiving TPN, underlying disorders, indication for TPN, number of pr
evious operations, preoperative assessment, and the operative biliary p
rocedure, findings and outcomes were all recorded.[研究对象性质]
Patient data are summarized in Table 1. [指示性说明] (以下详细说明所选3
5个研究对象的情况，表格等内容，略)

3) 结果部分
    总的要求：This section tells the reader what happened in your work.
Remember: let your results speak for themselves and don’t embellish (
leave that for the Discussion section), 即：让研究的客观结果说话，不要添
枝加叶。
具体要求：
1）  对所获结果进行概述（overview of the results）；
2）  说明所获资料或数据的统计意义（statistical significance）；
3）  统计支持（statistical support），包括图，表，照片等 （凡用图表表示
的内容不再用文字详述）。

    注意：不要用模棱两可的词或短语表述结果，如： “ The results tended to b
e greater than…”, “… showed no promising trends”, “It could / mig
ht be inhibited by …”。

示例：
Clinical and laboratory findings
Although the findings of abdominal pain, nausea, emesis, fever, and chi
lls were present alone or in combination in 31 of 35 patients (88 perce
nt), the diagnosis of biliary disease was often delayed. The initial di
agnosis in five of the seven children less than 6 years of age was cath
eter sepsis. Results of preoperative liver function tests were availabl
e in 27 patients. Twenty-five of these 27 patients (93%) had some evide
nce of hepatic dysfunction. Hyperbilirubinemia was present in 8 patient
(30 percent), elevated alkaline phosphatase levels in 25 (93 percent),
and elevated transminase levels in 13 patients (48 percent). In almost
all these patients, the abnormal results of liver function tests had b
een noted early after the initiation of TPN and before the diagnosis of
biliary tract disease. Either hepatosplenomegaly or laboratory evidenc
e of a coagulation abnormality (prolonged prothrombin or partial thromb
oplastin time) or both were present in 19 patients (54 percent). Hepato
biliary scans (HIDA or PIPIDA) were performed in eith patients and were
suggestive of cystic duct obstruction in six. Abdominal ultrasonograph
y was performed in 24 patients and correctly identified biliary sludge,
gallstones, or both in 22 (92 percent). Gallstones were documented in
two additional patients by oral cholecystogram in one and endoscopic re
trograde cholangiography in the other. The remaining patient was explor
ed with a presumptive diagnosis of cholecystitis without the benefit of
any of these diagnostic tests. Although the clinical diagnosis was del
ayed in many of these patients, a correct preoperative diagnosis of cal
culous or acalculous cholecytitis was made in all but two patients who
were thought to have some other focus of intraabdominal sepsis. [用统计
数字说明临床和实验室发现]
Operative findings
    (略)
Complications
   （略）
Four of the 35 patients (11 percent) died after their biliary operation
. Two adults and one child died within 30 days of operation, and a seco
nd child died as a result of progressive respiratory and hepatic failur
e. He had previously undergone two attempts at cholecystectomy that had
to be aborted because of massive hemorrhage and was being prepared for
a third attempt when he died. The other child died as a result of pers
istent sepsis and respiratory failure. A 75 year-old patient with previ
ously documented carcinoma of the colon and short bowel syndrome second
ary to multiple resections for radiation enteritis died 23 days after e
mergent cholecystectomy for acalculous cholecystitis. His immediate pre
operative and postoperative course were complicated by progressive hepa
tic insufficiency and renal failure. He died on the eighth postoperativ
e day. Hospital mortality was 24 percent in the 14 patients who require
d urgent operqtions. [死亡率及死亡原因]
4) 讨论部分
    总的要求：The author should tell the reader what the results mean by pl
acing them in the context of previous published studies of the problem,
即：与先有研究相比，本研究有何意义。
    具体要求：
A．  简要说明研究背景（background）
B．  简要介绍总的发现（general findings）；
C．  介绍具体要点（introduction of points）
D．  与现有发现（若有）进行比较（comparison in the context of other stu
dies）
E．  意义（suggested meaning）
F．  结论（conclusion）
G．  前瞻研究（future studies）

    结论往往是论文中最长也是最难写的部分，主要原因是作者要对研究结果和发现进
行分析、推断、演绎和推理，要求作者具有很强逻辑思维能力和英语文字组织能力
。此外，这部分时态比较复杂，要分清实验过程和结果（过去时）与分析意见（确
定：现在时；不确定或假设：过去时）的区别；他人研究结果（过去时或现在完成
时）与本研究结果（过去时）的区别；普遍适用的结论（现在时）与只适用本研究
的结论（过去时）的其别等。因此，对于however, may, might, could, would,
possibly, probably, be likely to 等词（组）的使用以及we believe (think
/ consider) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入
语的使用就显得格外重要。

示例：
Parenteral nutrition is being used with increasing frequency as a prima
ry source of caloric support in adult and pediatric patients with gastr
ointestinal problems. Numerous complications have been associated with
the administration of TPN, including a significantly increased incidenc
e of gallbladder disease [3-5,7]. The data here suggest that cholecyste
ctomy is often required for the management of symptomatic gallbladder d
isease in this group of patients, and is associated with significant ri
sks.[说明研究背景，包括意义]
Of the 35 patients who required cholecystectomy for TPN-induced gallbla
dder disease, operative morbidity and mortality were 54 percent and 11
percent, respectively. Maingot [8] has stated that cholecystectomy “is
one of the simplest and safest of the abdominal operations, and is ass
ociated with a low operative mortality rate (about 0.5 percent). A revi
ew of the pediatric literature suggests that when cholecystectomy is pe
rformed in children, the operative morbidity is less than 10 percent, a
nd the mortality is less than 1 percent. [8,9] Glenn [11] has reported
a mortality rate of less than 0.1 percent in over 5,000 patients under
the age of 50 years who underwent cholecystectomy. The morbidity and mo
rtality observed in our group of receiving long-term TPN, therefore, we
re far in excess of what would be expected for a population of patients
whose mean age was 29 years. [提出本研究主要发现并将其与其他研究发现相
比较]
Our data suggest that are specific factors unique to patients who requi
re long-term TPN that contribute to the increased mortality and morbidi
ty associated with cholecystectomy in this select group.[以下，作者用较
大篇幅分析了这类病人死亡率和并发症增高的临床、实验室和手术等方面的原因，
原文从略]
Based on the results of our studies, we believe that early cholecystect
omy is indicated in patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Obvi
ously, all patients with symptomatic disease should undergo cholecystec
tomy unless there specific medical contraindications. These operations
should be performed in a timely, elective fashion because delay may res
ult in the need for urgent surgery and thereby, increase an already hig
h risk. Although recent studies have suggested that cholecystectomy may
not be warranted in otherwise healthy patients with asymptomatic gallb
ladder disease [20], we believe that this axiom does not apply to patie
nts with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Out data suggest that the nat
ural history of gallbladder disease in patients receiving TPN is consid
erably different from that of their counterparts not receiving TPN. Bas
ed on our findings, we recommend elective cholecystectomy in patients r
eceiving TPN when gallstones first appear. Furthermore, cholecystectomy
should be considered, especially in children without stones who are un
dergoing laparotomy for other reasons. [从对结果的分析及与其他研究的比较
得出结论性意见，这是讨论部分最重要的内容 ] Whether TPN-induced gallston
es can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying await
s the results of further studies. [前瞻研究]

5）  致谢部分
    总的要求：Always get approval of your intention to mention someone
in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will prese
nt the acknowledgement, 即：致谢词和致谢方式必须征得受谢人或单位的同意。


6) 参考文献
    总的要求：Reference styles should be specific to each journal, 既：
根据各杂志的具体要求，因为各杂志对参考文献部分的编排顺序和格式不尽统一。
现将URMSBJ要求的20多种参考文献中最常见的5种格式列举如下：
1）  Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated wi
th an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996
Jun 1; 124(11): 980-3. [标准杂志文章]
2）  The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical excise
stress testing:Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164:
282-4. [作者是个组织]
3）  Cancer in South Africa [editorial]. S Afr Med J 1984; 84: 15. [无作
者名]
4）  Shen HM, Zhang QF. Risk assessment of nickel cardiogenicity and oc
cupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl 1: 275-
82. [某杂志增刊]
5）  Browell DA, Lennard TW. Immunologic status of the cancer patient a
nd the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses. Curr Opin G
en Surg 1993; 325-33 [无期无卷]

7) 插图说明
总的要求：Type or point out legends for illustrations using double spac
ing, starting on a separate page, 既：插图说明要另页双行打印。当插图中有
箭头（arrow）、符号（symbol）、数字（number）或字母（letter）时，要在这
部分（不是在插图页上）对其方向、位置等作出非常明确的说明。

8）插图
总的要求：Design your figures for the appropriate reduction, 即：插图要
按杂志的版面大小比例进行压缩；不要把插图拍成照片。

9）表格
总的要求：A table should be a totally self-contained unit of informatio
n, 即：表格要作为一个独立的信息单位另页打印。表格要简明清楚，完整（标题
、内容和脚注），即使只有一张表格也要标Table 1。
   
10）照片和说明
    总的要求：与7）、8）部分相同。